{"id":22496,"date":"2023-08-31T01:58:49","date_gmt":"2023-08-31T06:58:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/?post_type=solution-story&#038;p=22496"},"modified":"2025-06-25T03:44:19","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T08:44:19","slug":"data-from-polywater-helps-predict-coefficient-of-friction-in-a-cable-pull","status":"publish","type":"solution-story","link":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/solution-story\/data-from-polywater-helps-predict-coefficient-of-friction-in-a-cable-pull\/","title":{"rendered":"Data from Polywater<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Helps Predict Coefficient of Friction in a Cable Pull"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Polywater has friction-tested thousands of cables, conduit, and lubricant combinations over decades. The results are compiled in a vast COF database available in the Pull-Planner\u2122 software.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":22608,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[2992,2982,2984,2987,2989,3004,3005,3011],"industry-type":[2980,2981],"class_list":["post-22496","solution-story","type-solution-story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-underground-cabling","category-cable-in-duct-installation","category-cable-pulling","category-friction-management","category-pull-planning","category-content-type","category-case-study","category-video","industry-type-telecommunications","industry-type-electrical-infrastructure"],"acf":{"related":"","file":false,"related_articles_mode":"manual","subtitle":"Good historical data leads to better cable installation planning. ","columns":[{"image":{"ID":22587,"id":22587,"title":"The challenge frame-New River Solution Story","filename":"The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","filesize":379566,"url":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","link":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/solution-story\/data-from-polywater-helps-predict-coefficient-of-friction-in-a-cable-pull\/the-challenge-frame-new-river-solution-story\/","alt":"An illustration of a black electrical cable inside a conduit with a bright pink section showing where the cable and conduit rub and create friction. Below that image is a blue banner that reads \"The Challenge\".","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"the-challenge-frame-new-river-solution-story","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":22496,"date":"2023-07-31 14:50:58","modified":"2023-07-31 14:59:45","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":980,"height":729,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-150x150.png","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-300x223.png","medium-width":300,"medium-height":223,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-768x571.png","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":571,"large":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","large-width":980,"large-height":729,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","1536x1536-width":980,"1536x1536-height":729,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","2048x2048-width":980,"2048x2048-height":729,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":223,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":298,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-challenge-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":446}},"title":"Estimating a Coefficient of Friction ","content":"<p>There are many known factors when planning an underground cable installation project. Generally, the site plan, conduit design, number and radii of bends, and the overall length of the pull are known or predetermined. The type of cable to be installed, its weight, diameter, and jacket material are also known and taken into account. However, there is one critical yet unknown variable at the core of every cable installation. Project managers, planning engineers, and cable installers must have a reasonable estimate of the coefficient of friction (COF) to properly plan a pull\u2019s feasibility and stay within cable tension limits. This begs the question: \u201cWhat should the COF be for any particular cable installation?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In one example, a contractor needed to pull an MDPE-jacketed cable with a 5.2-inch (132 mm) OD through an 8-inch (200mm) PVC conduit over a total length of 1,649 feet (503 m). The total cable weight was 35,000 lbs. (15876 kg). The pull was up a 3\u00b0 grade for 1,020 feet (311 m), through a 45\u00b0 bend with 100-foot (30 m) radius, and then downhill 4\u00b0 for the final 550 feet (152 m).<\/p>\n"},{"image":{"ID":22595,"id":22595,"title":"The solution frame-New River Solution Story","filename":"The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","filesize":261097,"url":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","link":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/solution-story\/data-from-polywater-helps-predict-coefficient-of-friction-in-a-cable-pull\/the-solution-frame-new-river-solution-story\/","alt":"A screenshot of the Polywater Pull-Planner Software showing the \"Coefficient of Friction Database\" and many options and combinations of lubricant, conduit type, and cable jacket type. Below that image is a blue banner that reads \"The Solution\".","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"the-solution-frame-new-river-solution-story","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":22496,"date":"2023-07-31 14:51:07","modified":"2023-07-31 14:59:45","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":980,"height":729,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-150x150.png","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-300x223.png","medium-width":300,"medium-height":223,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-768x571.png","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":571,"large":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","large-width":980,"large-height":729,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","1536x1536-width":980,"1536x1536-height":729,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","2048x2048-width":980,"2048x2048-height":729,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":223,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":298,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-solution-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":446}},"title":"Cable Pulling Software ","content":"<p>Polywater has friction-tested thousands of cables, conduit, and lubricant combinations over decades. The results are compiled in a vast COF database available in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/?page_id=658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pull-Planner\u2122 software<\/a>. The contractor utilized this data to make an informed decision.<\/p>\n<p>Cable manufacturers provide maximum tension and sidewall pressure limits and may recommend a conservative benchmark COF of 0.35 or higher to ensure safe cable handling during installation. However, companies can often reduce this number by 50% to 65% using a performance lubricant. The ability to safely reduce COF is accomplished via proper pulling practices and optimal lubricant choice.<\/p>\n<p>The program allowed the contractor to input the cable, conduit, and plan design specifics for the installation. After selecting a lubricant type, the software recommended a COF and checked for feasibility. The software showed how different cable and lubricant combinations contribute to lower tension, helping optimize the project.<\/p>\n<p>The program calculates expected tensions and provides insights that allow for longer cable installations. Actual field-measured tension recorded with a tensiometer, or dynamometer can be entered, allowing the Pull-Planner to back-calculate a true field COF to better predict tension in subsequent pulls.<\/p>\n"},{"image":{"ID":22591,"id":22591,"title":"The result frame-New River Solution Story","filename":"The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","filesize":561758,"url":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","link":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/solution-story\/data-from-polywater-helps-predict-coefficient-of-friction-in-a-cable-pull\/the-result-frame-new-river-solution-story\/","alt":"A man with a ponytail and green shirt sits at his computer desk as we look over his shoulder at his screen. below that image is a blue banner that reads \"The Result\".","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"the-result-frame-new-river-solution-story","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":22496,"date":"2023-07-31 14:51:02","modified":"2023-08-07 21:37:52","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":980,"height":729,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-150x150.png","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-300x223.png","medium-width":300,"medium-height":223,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story-768x571.png","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":571,"large":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","large-width":980,"large-height":729,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","1536x1536-width":980,"1536x1536-height":729,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","2048x2048-width":980,"2048x2048-height":729,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":223,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":298,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The-result-frame-New-River-Solution-Story.png","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":446}},"title":"Better Tension Predictions ","content":"<p>The software allowed the contractor to predict how the combination of different materials and the optimal lubricant would contribute to lower tension during the installation. Using a COF of 0.14, the estimated ending tension was 5,157 lbf (22.9 kN). The actual ending tension as measured with a dynamometer was 4,100 lbf (18.2 kN), which back calculates the real field COF to 0.12. The contractor achieved better results than estimated. Their field-calculated COF data can now be applied to future, similar cable installations to potentially achieve even longer distances.<\/p>\n<p>Good historical data leads to better cable installation planning. This equates to substantial time and cost savings in both design and installation.<\/p>\n<p>Using Polywater\u2019s proven COF data in tension estimation equations, companies can realize real cost savings in underground cable installations. Good data results in better decisions that contribute to a higher overall success rate.<\/p>\n<h3>Have any questions?<\/h3>\n<p><button class=\"button button--primary\" data-micromodal-trigger=\"polywater-modal--email-us-form\">Email Us <\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"modal micromodal-slide\" id=\"polywater-modal--email-us-form\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"modal__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close><div class=\"modal__container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"polywater-modal--email-us-form-title\"><header class=\"modal__header\"><h2 id=\"polywater-modal--email-us-form-title\">Email Us Form<\/h2><button class=\"button--secondary modal__close\" aria-label=\"Close modal\" data-micromodal-close><\/button><\/header><div id=\"polywater-modal--email-us-form-content\"><!-- [if lte IE 8]>\r\n<script charset=\"utf-8\" type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/js.hsforms.net\/forms\/v2-legacy.js\"><\/script>\r\n<![endif]-->\r\n<script charset=\"utf-8\" type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/js.hsforms.net\/forms\/v2.js\"><\/script>\r\n<script>\r\nhbspt.forms.create({\r\n  region: \"na1\",\r\n  portalId: \"6060295\",\r\n  formId: \"7658eeb9-0cf9-469d-a7f1-0f033127bb9d\",\r\n  onFormReady: function (a) {\r\n    a.on('change', function(){\r\n      var zip = a.find('input[name=\"zip\"]');\r\n      if( zip ) {\r\n        if( zip.val() && zip.val().length > 4 ) {\r\n          var url = \"https:\/\/api.zippopotam.us\/us\/\" + zip.val();\r\n          var client = new XMLHttpRequest();\r\n          client.open(\"GET\", url, true);\r\n          client.onreadystatechange = function() {\r\n            if(client.readyState == 4) {\r\n              var resp = JSON.parse(client.responseText);\r\n              var city = resp.places[0]['place name'];\r\n              var state = resp.places[0]['state'];\r\n              a.find('input[name=\"city\"]').val(city);\r\n              a.find('input[name=\"state\"]').val(state);\r\n            };\r\n          };\r\n          client.send();\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n  },\r\n});\r\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>"}],"graphic":{"image":false,"position":"none"},"select_related_articles":[{"post_identity":{"ID":31180,"post_author":"8","post_date":"2024-10-10 11:43:30","post_date_gmt":"2024-10-10 16:43:30","post_content":"","post_title":"Underground Cable Installation Solution Story","post_excerpt":"When it comes to underground cable installations, there are many known factors. However, there is one critical unknown factor at the core of every cable installation project\u2014Coefficient of friction or COF. Polywater helps companies calculate and safely reduce COF using a combination of the right cable lubricant and with the Polywater Pull-Planner\u2122 cable installation planning software. The ability to successfully reduce COF can yield considerable time and cost savings, both in system design and installation practices. While COF data from the Pull-Planner can be leveraged to make more informed decisions on future cable installations\u2014giving companies a real business advantage. Watch this video to learn more about how Polywater helped one company leverage COF data to improve their cable installation practices.","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"underground-cable-installation-solution-story","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2026-03-12 11:52:18","post_modified_gmt":"2026-03-12 16:52:18","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/?post_type=video&#038;p=31180","menu_order":0,"post_type":"video","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}},{"post_identity":{"ID":4108,"post_author":"21","post_date":"2020-12-17 16:30:15","post_date_gmt":"2020-12-17 22:30:15","post_content":"<h2><strong>Definition of Coefficient of Friction<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nCOF is a measure of the frictional resistance to movement.\u00a0 It is calculated by measuring the force required to slide an object across a surface.\u00a0 In cable pulling, the COF varies with the cable jacket and conduit materials; the conduit condition; the temperature; and, of course, lubricant choice.\u00a0 In cable pulling, the friction measure is most useful when developed from pulling real cables into conduits to mimic field conditions.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/coefficient-of-friction-in-cable-pulling-post-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>Coefficient of Friction in Cable Pulling \u2013 Part 2<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><strong>Pulling equations - straight conduit sections<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nTension estimation based on the COF is calculated using the cable pulling equations. As discussed previously, the basic equation for a straight pull section looks like this:\r\n<table style=\"width: 80%; border: 2px solid blue; background-color: #f9f9f9; margin-left: 10%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40%; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Straight Section Equation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40%; padding: 10px;\"><strong>Straight Conduit:<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;\"><strong>T<sub>out<\/sub> = T<sub>in<\/sub> + LW\u03bc<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">Where:<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0T<sub>out<\/sub> = Tension Out<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0T<sub>in<\/sub> = Tension In<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0L = Length of Straight Run<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0W = Weight of Cable (per length)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0\u03bc = Coefficient of Friction<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nNote that the tension is additive based on incoming tension, the cable weight and friction.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/how-does-temperature-affect-cable-coefficient-of-friction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>How Does Temperature Affect Cable Coefficient of Friction?<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><strong>Pulling equations - conduit bends<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nThe force required to pull a cable increases in a different way as it is pulled into a conduit bend. This force is dependent on the tension entering the bend (incoming tension), as well as the bend angle and the friction. The force added around a bend assumes the form of the \u201ccapstan equation\u201d.\r\n<table style=\"width: 80%; border: 2px solid blue; background-color: background-color: #f9f9f9; margin-left: 10%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40%; padding: 10px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Bend Section Equation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40%; padding: 10px;\"><strong>Conduit Bend:<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 10px;\"><strong>T<sub>out<\/sub> = T<sub>in<\/sub> * e<sup>\u03bc\u03b8<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">Where:<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0T<sub>out<\/sub> = Tension Out<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0T<sub>in<\/sub> = Tension In<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0\u03bc = Coefficient of Friction<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0\u03b8 = Angle of Bend (radians)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 5px;\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0\u00a0e = Natural Log Base<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2><strong>Everyday application of friction theory<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignleft wp-image-4109 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sailboat-winch-cropped-300x241.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" \/>\r\n\r\nThe equation style gets it name from the mechanics of a capstan.\u00a0 The load force using a capstan can be dramatically increased by increasing in the number of wraps (\u03b8), the friction surface on the drum (\u03bc), or by increasing the holding force.\r\n\r\nBut when pulling cable around a bend, the bend angle, friction coefficient, and incoming tension are established and they determine the pulling tension.\r\n\r\nLooking at the equation, we see that the incoming tension is multiplied by the e<sup>\u03bc\u03b8<\/sup> factor. For a COF of 0.10 and a bend of 90 degrees the multiplication factor is 1.17.\u00a0 But for a a COF of 0.80 and 90 degree bend, the factor is 3.51.\u00a0 So, the lower COF adds 17% to the incoming tension while the higher adds 251%.\u00a0 Small changes in \u03bc (friction coefficient) have a significant effect on bend tension. Accurate friction coefficients are needed for the best correlation of calculated tension with field-measured tension.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/frequently-asked-questions-cable-pulling-lubrication-and-tension\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>FAQ \u2013 Cable Pulling, Lubrication, and Tension<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><strong>Using a multi-bend test to measure COF<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nPolywater\u2019s Friction Table is a quick way to measure COF between different surfaces using a large variety of lubricants.\u00a0 Our multi-bend test methods can measure additional effects. A multi-bend test can measure how well lubricant stays coated as the cable travels through conduit bends. We have used this test to study lubricant quantity, cable fill, pulling through water, and multiple-cable pulls.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-5864 size-full alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/polywaterv2.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Test-Set-Up.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"402\" height=\"244\" \/>In a multi-bend test, a weight is added to the cable to produce a known incoming tension. The cable is pulled through a series of bends using a constant speed motor, and the pull tension is measured using a load cell. These tension data are measured at regular intervals, typically every half-second. The force required to pull the cable through the bends is used to calculate the COF. This test complements the friction table test, but requires more time and materials to develop meaningful results.\r\n\r\nA accurate estimate of pull tension is the goal of accurate COF measurement. Cables have maximum tension limits based on conduct size and material. It is important not to exceed these limits during installation. Raceway planning and tension estimation in combination with the use of a high-performance lubricant is an excellent way to stay below maximum tension limits.\r\n\r\nA related consideration is the cable sidewall tension (crush) limits. This force occurs when cable is pulled through a bend.\u00a0 More on sidewall pressure:\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/coefficient-in-cable-pulling-part-4\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>Friction Coefficient in Cable Pulling Sidewall Pressure Limits<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Have any questions?<\/h2>\r\n<button class=\"button button--primary\" data-micromodal-trigger=\"polywater-modal--email-us-form\">Email Us <\/button>","post_title":"Coefficient of Friction\u202fin Cable Pulling Tension from Conduit Bends","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"coefficient-of-friction-in-cable-pulling-part-3","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-05-16 12:22:53","post_modified_gmt":"2025-05-16 17:22:53","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"http:\/\/polywaterv2.wpengine.com\/?p=4108","menu_order":406,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}},{"post_identity":{"ID":6920,"post_author":"21","post_date":"2021-02-15 20:58:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-02-16 02:58:19","post_content":"<h2>What is a cable pulling lubricant?<\/h2>\r\nA cable pulling lubricant is a specialty product designed to reduce the friction of a cable while pulling into a conduit. The friction reduction lowers the force required to pull the cable into the conduit. This reduces the tension (tensile stress) on the cable during installation.\r\n<h2>Why use a pulling lubricant?<\/h2>\r\nPulling lubricants lower tension on cable as it is installed, providing numerous benefits. Lower pulling forces are less likely to physically damage the cable. Lower sidewall pressure, which is the normal pressure on a cable going around a bend can improve installation performance and life. Additionally, lower tension means less equipment wear, improved operational safety, and longer uninterrupted cable runs (fewer splices). These combined benefits result in an improved and lower-cost cable installation.\r\n<h2>Is lubricant needed for every cable pull?<\/h2>\r\nFor short, straight pulls with lightweight cable, a lubricant may not be needed. For longer pulls, pulls with a greater total bend angle, or pulls with heavy cable, the use of an effective lubricant can significantly lower tension and sidewall pressure.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/coefficient-of-friction-in-cable-pulling-part-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>Coefficient of Friction in Cable Pulling \u2014 Part 1<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>How do I know how difficult a cable pull will be?<\/h2>\r\nEquations based on the physics of the pull can provide an estimate of tension and sidewall pressure. The primary inputs into the equations are cable weight, conduit system detail (run lengths and bend location and angle), and the friction coefficient of the cable jacket against the conduit wall. The equations calculate pulling tension and sidewall pressure as the cable moves through the conduit.\r\n<h2>What is the friction coefficient?<\/h2>\r\nThe friction coefficient (or coefficient of friction) is a dimensionless number that is a measure of the frictional resistance to movement of the cable against the conduit wall. A pulling force is required to overcome this frictional force and move the cable. For example, if a 10 lb (4.5 kg) block sitting on a table took 5 lbs (2.25 kgs) of force to move it across the table, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the pulling force to the gravitational force, or 5\/10 (2.25\/4.5), so the friction coefficient = 0.5.\u00a0 For plastic and rubber cable jackets against metal or plastic conduit, typical friction coefficients can vary from 0.1 to 1.5.\r\n<h2>How does a lower friction coefficient impact tension?<\/h2>\r\nIn horizontal straight sections of duct, the pulling tension is directly proportional to the coefficient of friction (COF). So, a reduction of 50% in the COF means a reduction of 50% in the pulling tension. However, in bend sections, the primary normal force comes from the pulling force itself, and the COF is in an exponential factor that multiplies the incoming tension. A reduction of 50% in the COF can mean a reduction of 90% in the tension in 180 degrees of bend.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/planning-cabling-projects-improves-success-and-safety\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>Planning Cabling Projects Improves Success and Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>How do I determine which coefficient of friction to use?<\/h2>\r\nIn cable pulling, this coefficient of friction depends not only on the lubricant, but also the cable jacket type and conduit type. All three must be known to determine a meaningful COF. While there is no standard friction measurement method that applies to cable in conduit, our methods at Polywater\u00ae measure real cable friction on standard conduit types. Thousands of tests have produced a large friction database. These data are validated by back calculating effective coefficient of friction from actual cable installations. We make this data available in our lubricant technical data sheets or in our tension estimating software, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/pull-planner-2\/\">Pull-Planner\u2122<\/a>\r\n<h2>How much lubricant should I use for a pull?<\/h2>\r\nPolywater\u2019s Pull-Planner program determines an appropriate quantity by calculating the volume of a complete coating of the interior of the conduit and\/or the exterior of the cable jacket(s). So, the amount of lubricant recommended is proportional to both the length of the pull and the size of the cable\/duct. For cable pulling, an excess of lubricant is not a problem, but for cable blowing, you need to avoid lubricant puddling.\r\n<h2>Is COF the only important property of a pulling lubricant?<\/h2>\r\nNo. The cable pulling environment and the ability and methodology used to apply the lubricant and are both important. While liquid lubricants work neatly in underground pulls by simply pouring into a feeder tube or upturned duct, they cannot be applied to cable going into overhead conduits, thanks to gravity. Lubricants that thicken or freeze at cold temperatures cause problems in cold weather applications. Maintaining friction reduction when pulling though a flooded conduit requires unique lubricant properties.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/the-polywater-friction-table-personal-perspectives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>The Polywater\u00ae Friction Table: Personal Perspectives<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Are there other factors that raise tension during a cable pull?<\/h2>\r\nLots of them! Most factors can be managed with good pulling procedures. There are \u201cmathematical\u201d effects from the location of bends in the conduit run. Dirt or sand filled conduit can increase friction considerably, much more than can be reduced by using a lubricant. High temperatures make cable jackets softer and raise their friction. In hot climates this can sometimes be controlled by pulling at cooler times of day. In cable blowing, a compressor cooler is necessary for optimal installation lengths. Read our installation literature and technical papers for best practices on controlling pulling tension.\r\n<h2>Can mineral oil or soap be used as pulling lubricants?<\/h2>\r\nWhile these materials are friction reducers, care must be taken not to use any lubricant that can swell, weaken, or crack the cable jacket. The cable manufacturer can be a source of information on the compatibility of various lubricants with various types of cable jacket. IEEE Standard 1210 covers the testing recommended to establish the compatibility of a lubricant with cable jacket.\r\n<h2>Is it okay to use cable lubricant in prelubricated cables or conduit?<\/h2>\r\nPolywater lubricants are compatible with both prelubricated cable and prelubricated conduit. Addition of a pulling lubricant often optimizes the performance of these materials, especially in a difficult raceway configuration or particularly long run.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border: 3px solid #273A80; background-color: #69c3e8; margin: 15px 0px 15px 0px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"padding: 20px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/en\/knowledge-hub\/hawaiian-electrical-company-heco-and-the-pearl-harbor-cable-pull\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Related Content: <\/strong>Hawaiian Electrical Company (HECO) and the Pearl Harbor Cable Pull<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Can I run megger testing on my cable after installation?<\/h2>\r\nPulling lubricants are conductive. Residue near the splice or conductor should be completely removed before cable is energized or tested. There is no problem with lubricant residue left on the cable jacket.\r\n<h2>How does fiber optic cable pulling relate to cable blowing or jetting?<\/h2>\r\nWhile fiber optic installation methods have significantly different procedures and equipment, they rely on a force to move the cable through the conduit. In pulling, the force is on the front of the cable and comes from a pulling winch. In cable blowing, the force results from the pressure differential between the compressor end and the open end of the conduit. Blowing produces a \u201clocalized\u201d force along the entire cable jacket. Pulling and blowing need to overcome the frictional resistance to movement, and when that frictional resistance is reduced using a lubricant, pulling tension will decrease or blowing distance will increase.\r\n<h2>Can I use my fiber optic cable pulling lubricant for cable blowing?<\/h2>\r\nUsually not. Pulling lubricants use a water base to carry and spread the lubricant though the conduit. You can typically see the lubricant on the surface of the cable when it emerges from the conduit. However, this type of slippery liquid or gel does not help in cable blowing. While blowing lubricants may be carried by water, the water evaporates quickly due to high velocity air flow. Effective blowing lubricants work dry, and they are designed to reduce friction with a very thin, \u201cmolecular\u201d coating thicknesses. Excess lubricant can create too much surface tension or cause air locks, which can interfere with the installation process.\r\n<h2>Have any questions?<\/h2>\r\n<button class=\"button button--primary\" data-micromodal-trigger=\"polywater-modal--email-us-form\">Email Us <\/button>","post_title":"FAQ - Cable Pulling, Lubrication, and Tension","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"frequently-asked-questions-cable-pulling-lubrication-and-tension","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-04-16 03:54:10","post_modified_gmt":"2025-04-16 08:54:10","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"http:\/\/polywaterv2.wpengine.com\/?p=6920","menu_order":244,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}},{"post_identity":{"ID":31960,"post_author":"8","post_date":"2024-10-31 13:57:57","post_date_gmt":"2024-10-31 18:57:57","post_content":"","post_title":"Polywater\u00ae Pull-Planner\u2122 Overview","post_excerpt":"Experience the advantage of the Polywater Pull-Planner\u2122 cable installation planning software. More than a calculator, the Pull-Planner helps realize the feasibility of challenging cable-in-conduit installations. Watch the overview video.","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"polywater-pull-planner-overview","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2026-03-25 08:13:48","post_modified_gmt":"2026-03-25 13:13:48","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.polywater.com\/?post_type=video&#038;p=31960","menu_order":0,"post_type":"video","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}}],"vidyard_override":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Data from Polywater\u00ae Helps Predict Coefficient of Friction in a Cable Pull - Polywater<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Optimize cable pulling with Polywater\u00ae: Accurate COF predictions for cost-efficient success. 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